TYPES OF LOANS

Below is information on the following types of loans:

15,30 & 40 YEAR LOANS

What about a 15-year v. 30 year loan?
The difference in payments and overall savings between a 15-year fixed-rate loan and a 30-year fixed-rate loan depends on the interest rate and the loan amount. Using a $100,000 loan and 7.25% interest rate as an example, monthly payments on the 15-year note would be $912.86. Monthly payments on a $100,000 loan at 7.25% fixed for 30 years would be $682.18.

The 15-year note offers the opportunity to save considerable money over the life of the loan, since the period of amortization is half that of the 30-year note. This means that the total interest paid on a 15-year note as compared to a 30-year note is significantly less.

However, calculating the overall savings of the 15-year note over the 30-year note depends on several individual circumstances, such as the borrower's changing income status.

Are 40-year mortgages a good idea?
Smaller monthly payments are the primary advantage of adding 10 years to the traditional 30-year mortgage, but real estate experts say the shorter-term loan usually is more beneficial for the home buyer. The drawback becomes apparent simply by calculating the cost of additional interest payments, which can total thousands for a few dollars difference in mortgage payments.

B & C LOANS

What are the risks of "B" and "C" loans?
The major risk is the cost of the loan. Desperate home buyers who are not selective when seeking an A, B, C or D loan may find themselves locked into long-term loans with outrageous fees and interest rates. "Watch out how costly they are," said Jon Riccardi, a mortgage broker with MPR Financial in Albany, Calif. "Some of the quotes are a little difficult to quote."

Traditional lenders who offer conforming loans are extremely competitive. They must offer desirable terms or lose their share of the market. Meanwhile, hopeful home buyers who were rejected often turn to mortgage brokers and specialized mortgage lending businesses. Alternative lending sources not only offer a variety of loan products but also are more willing to deal with higher debt-to-income ratios, credit problems and other black marks on an individual's record.

In cases where negative information on a credit report may be due to disappear in the next few years, or a borrower expects their income to increase significantly, non-conforming loans without excessive prepayment penalties can be excellent. The borrower can obtain a conventional loan as soon as they qualify, yet enjoy the benefits of home ownership and establish equity in the meantime. Many home buyers engaged in this process look at these less desirable loans as a penalty while others are grateful for a second chance. Yet no one should be so anxious that they sign for a loan with questionable terms. "The goal of these loans is to pay them off quickly," Riccardi said. "What I've seen is, people don't investigate these loans enough and when they try to get out of it, realize what they got into."

Resource:

"How to Shop For a Mortgage," a brochure available from the Mortgage Bankers Association of America, 1125 15th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.

 

WRAP AROUND LOANS

What is a wrap-around loan?
"This method of seller financing is risky if the underlying first loan has a "due on sale" clause because the loan might be called due when the first lender becomes aware that the property has transferred title," says Dian Hymer, author of "Buying and Selling a Home, A Complete Guide," Chronicle Books, 1994.

A seller usually will want to incorporate a late charge to encourage the buyer to make monthly loan payments on time. "A buyer will probably want to stipulate that prepayment of the loan be without penalty. This should not cause a problem unless the loan payments are a source of retirement income, in which case early prepayment could have negative financial repercussions for the seller...

"Most sellers prefer to have a due-on-sale provision included in the note, but this can be a negotiable item. Buyers who are concerned that they might be forced to sell during a period of high interest rates can request that the note be assumable by a future buyer, and sellers might find this provision agreeable as long as they have the right to approve the future buyer's credit report and financial statement," Hymer writes.

 

ASSUMABLE LOANS

Are FHA loans assumable?
Lenders will only permit those loans that have a "subject to transfer" clause to be taken over through a formal assumption process. Look to your loan agreement for specific terms. In addition, you should candidly discuss any risks with your lender, and possibly consult an attorney before signing the final agreement.

How do you find out if a loan is assumable?
Look to the loan agreement to determine if it is assumable by someone else. Then talk to the lender about specific requirements based on the value of the home.

Assumable loans permit one borrower to take over a loan from another borrower without any change in the loan terms. Such loans still exist but they aren't very common or popular (for buyers) in a low-interest-rate environment. Plus, today new assumable loans are almost always adjustable rate mortgages

What about splitting my mortgage in two and paying bi-weekly?
Some people set on paying off their home loan early and reducing interest charges opt for a biweekly mortgage. Monthly payments are divided in half, payable every two weeks.

Because there are 52 weeks in a year, the program results in 26 half-payments, or the equivalent of 13 monthly payments per year instead of 12. Using the biweekly payment system, a homeowner with a $70,000, 30-year biweekly mortgage at 10 percent interest could save $60,000 in interest and pay off the balance in less than 21 years.

 

NO-DOC LOANS

What are no-doc loans?
"No-doc" loans are mortgages for which lenders require very little loan documentation as long as the borrower puts down a sizable down payment, generally 25 percent or more.

These mortgages are common among self-employed people who say they earn a certain amount of money but whose tax returns show that their earnings are much lower.

Resources:
* "How to Shop for a Mortgage" Mortgage Bankers Association of America, 1125 15th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005; call (202) 861-6500.

What is the Community Home Buyers program?
The Community Home Buyers loan program is sponsored by the Federal National Mortgage Association, commonly referred to as Fannie Mae, and administered through participating direct lenders.

Fannie Mae's Community Home Buyers program has an income cap of 120 percent of the area's median income. In addition, the borrower must attend a seminar on home ownership and the home buying process.

It is not geared only for first-time home buyers, unlike many of the other low-down -payment programs on the market.

This loan program allows for 97 percent financing. The borrower may put down as little as 3 percent of his or her own money, with the remaining 2 percent coming in the form of a family gift or loan from a government or nonprofit agency.

For more information, call Fannie Mae at (800) 732-6643.

 

FANNIE MAE

Who is Fannie Mae??
Fannie Mae is a congressionally chartered secondary-mortgage market company that buys loans from private lenders. Because the firm is so big and has been involved in purchasing packages of loans from lenders for 25 years, it has enormous influence on the mortgage market. For more information, call Fannie Mae at (800) 732-6643.

How can Fannie Mae help a home buyer?
Fannie Mae's Community Home Buyers Program allows first-time buyers with little cash to obtain 95 percent financing. Participants may put down as little as 3 percent of their own money, with the remainder permitted in the form of a gift from family members, a government program or nonprofit agency. Mortgage insurance is required on all loans above 80 percent loan-to-value ratio when borrowers do not use their own funds for at least 5 percent down.

The program is administered through participating lenders. There are income limits in different states. However, the income restriction is waived when borrowers participate in the Fannie Neighbors program. Fannie Neighbors also has lower income requirements for borrowers who want to buy in designated central cities.

People who are borrowing in either of these programs must attend a seminar on home ownership and the home buying process.

For a list of participating lenders, call Fannie Mae at (800) 732-6643.

Are there Fannie Mae programs for inner cities?
Home buyers in urban neighborhoods can take advantage of the secondary mortgage market institution's Fannie Neighbors Program.

This mortgage plan was created to increase homeownership and promote revitalization in central cities as well as minority low and moderate income "targeted" areas. Borrowers need less income to qualify for a mortgage and less cash for closing than with standard mortgages. The program includes mortgages to buy or refinance a home.

Fannie Neighbors has no income limit for residents who are purchasing a home within designated central cities (if not the largest city in a metropolitan area, cities must have populations of 250,000 or more.) Borrowers must attend a seminar on home ownership and the home buying process. For a list of participating lenders, call Fannie Mae at (800) 732-6643.

What is Fannie Mae's low-down program?
Fannie Mae is expanding the availability of low-down-payment loans in an effort to help more people nationwide qualify for a mortgage. Two new programs will help potential buyers overcome two of the most common obstacles to home ownership, low savings and a modest income.

To address many first-time buyers' struggles to save the down payment, Fannie Mae developed Fannie 97. The program provides 97 percent financing on a fixed-rate mortgage with either a 25- or 30-year loan term through Fannie Mae's Community Home Buyers Program.

Fannie Mae's new Start-Up Mortgage will assist buyers with a 5 percent down payment who are at any income level. Yet applicants do not need as much income to qualify and less cash for closing than with traditional mortgages. Borrowers will receive a 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage with a first-year monthly payment that is lower than the standard fixed-rate loan.

Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae's counterpart, also offers low-down-payment loan programs.

 

VA LOANS

What are VA programs?
Veterans Administration loans, which are available to veterans, reservists and military personnel, are attractive because the buyer is not required to make a down payment. The maximum loan amount the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs will insure varies by region. There is no restriction on the purchase price as long as you have the cash to make up the difference between the loan amount and the purchase price.

For the nearest regional office of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, call (800) 827-1000.

Can National Guard vets, and other reservists, get VA loans?
The Veteran's Benefits Improvements Act of 1994 gives men and women who have completed six years in the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps or Coast Guard Reserves or the Army National Guard or Air National Guard eligibility for VA home loans, including no-down payment programs. If you are a reservist or a National Guard veteran, you can receive VA home loan benefits, but you will pay higher funding fee, up to 2.75 percent of the loan amount. If you make a down payment, the fee can be incorporated into the loan amount

What if a VA loan is foreclosed on?
VA loan holders who suffer a foreclosure must repay the full debt before the federal agency will insure another loan. People with concerns about a specific loans should contact their lender or the VA directly at (800) 827-1000.

Do all loans require impound accounts?
If you are taking out a FHA or VA loan, the lender can require an impound account to pay real estate taxes and hazard insurance premiums, as with a standard loan. Most conventional loans do not require an impound account.

What are rates for FHA and VA loans?
There are no set interest rates for FHA and VA loans. The FHA stopped regulating rates in 1983 and the VA followed suit soon after. Shop around for the best rate.

Who can get a VA loan?
Millions of veterans and service personnel are eligible to participate in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' Home Loan Guarantee Program, which in most cases requires no down payment. VA loans can be used to buy a home, build a home, improve a home or to refinance an existing loan.

After issuing a certificate of eligibility to the vet, the VA guarantees the loan to the lender up to $203,000. VA loans frequently offer lower interest rates than ordinarily available with other kinds of loans. To qualify for a loan, the first step is to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility (complete Form 26-1880). Call (800) 827-1000 for more information about VA programs.

How does someone qualify for VA loans?
After issuing a certificate of eligibility to a veteran, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs guarantees the loan to the lender up to a certain amount. VA loans frequently offer lower interest rates than ordinarily available with other kinds of loans. The Veteran's Benefits Improvements Act of 1994 gives men and women who have completed six years in the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps or Coast Guard Reserves or the Army National Guard or Air National Guard eligibility for VA home loans, including no-down payment programs.

To qualify for a loan, the first step is to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility (complete Form 26-1880). Call (800) 827-1000 for more information.

 

FHA FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development offers a variety of loan insurance programs through the Federal Housing Administration which require approximately 3 to 5 percent cash down. FHA loan limits vary depending on the county where the property is located. FHA loans administered by HUD are originated by private lenders. For more information, contact lenders who offer FHA loans or a regional HUD office.

Resources:
* "FHA Forms, Booklets and Publications," U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Printing Branch, Room B-100, 451 7th St., Washington, DC 20410; call (800) 767-7468.

Which lenders offer FHA loans?
Lenders who handle Federal Housing Administration loans typically advertise in the Yellow Pages under "real estate loans" and in the real estate sections of newspapers. FHA also supplies limited lists of approved lenders. For general qualifications and program details, see the FHA brochure, "How to Qualify for an FHA Loan." To order, write the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Printing Branch, Room B-100, 451 7th St., Washington, DC 20410; (800) 767-7468.

Do FHA loans require impound accounts?
Yes, according to the "Realty Bluebook," 30th Ed., Dearborn Financial Publishing, Chicago; 1993: "Under FHA financing it is the lender's responsibility to ascertain that property taxes and hazard insurance premiums are paid when due. Lenders, therefore, will insist that the monthly payments include proportionate amounts for taxes and insurance."

Rules for a FHA Loan?
The U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development offers a variety of loan insurance programs through the Federal Housing Administration, which requires approximately 3 to 4 percent cash down. There are no income requirements to qualify for a FHA mortgage. Other advantages are that FHA loans do not contain prepayment penalties and in some cases they are assumable by qualified purchasers.

FHA loan limits vary, depending on the county where the property is located. FHA loans are originated and serviced by private lenders.

FHA does not lend money. The mortgage is made by a bank, savings and loan, mortgage company or other FHA-approved lender. In addition, FHA does not set the rates and points. The lender determines these, so it is best to shop around by calling several FHA-approved lenders.

Are FHA loans assumable?
Lenders will only permit those loans that have a "subject to transfer" clause to be taken over through a formal assumption process. Look to your loan agreement for specific terms. In addition, you should candidly discuss any risks with your lender, and possibly consult an attorney before signing the final agreement.

How do you find government-repossessed homes?
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development acquires properties from lenders who foreclose on mortgages insured by HUD. These properties are available for sale to both homeowner-occupants and investors.

You can only purchase HUD-owned properties through a licensed real estate broker. HUD will pay the broker's commission up to 6 percent of the sales price.

Down payments vary depending on whether the property is eligible for FHA insurance. If not, payments range from the conventional markets to 5 to 20 percent.

One caution: HUD homes are sold "as is," meaning limited repairs have been made made but no structural or mechanical warranties are implied.

What are rates for FHA and VA loans?
There are no set interest rates for FHA and VA loans. The FHA stopped regulating rates in 1983 and the VA followed suit soon after. Shop around for the best rate.

 

HUD (DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT)

Do you have to buy HUD homes through a realty agent?
You can only purchase a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development property through a licensed real estate broker. HUD will pay the broker's commission up to 6 percent of the sales price.

Can I get a HUD home for as little as $100 down?
If you are strapped for cash and looking for a bargain, you may be able to buy a foreclosure property acquired by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for as little as $100 down.

With HUD foreclosures, down payments vary depending on whether the property is eligible for FHA insurance. If not, payments range from 5 to 20 percent. But when the property is FHA-insured, the down payment can go much lower.

Each offer must be accompanied by an "earnest money" deposit equal to 5 percent of the bid price, not to exceed $2,000 but not less than $500.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs also offers foreclosure properties which can be purchased directly from the VA often well below market value and with a down payment amount as low as 2 percent for owner-occupants. Investors may be required to pay up to 10 percent of the purchase price as a down payment. This is because the VA guarantees home loans and often ends up owning the property if the veteran defaults.

If you are interested in purchasing a VA foreclosure, call 1-800-827-1000 to request a current listing. About 100 new properties are listed every two weeks.

You should be aware that foreclosure properties are sold "as is," meaning limited repairs have been made but no structural or mechanical warranties are implied.

 

FIXER-UPPER LOANS

Are there programs for fixer-uppers?
If you need home loan to buy a "fixer-upper" and remodel it, look at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 203(K) loan program. The program is designed to facilitate major structural rehabilitation of houses with one to four units that are more than one year old. Condominiums are not eligible.

A 203(K) loan is usually done as a combination loan to purchase a "fixer-upper" property "as is" and rehabilitate it, or to refinance a temporary loan to buy the property and do the rehabilitation. It can also be done as a rehabilitation-only loan.

Investors no longer may participate - only owner-occupants. Owner-occupants are required to come up with only 3 to 5 percent. HUD requires that a minimum of $5,000 be spent on improvements.

Two appraisals are required. Plans and specifications for the proposed work must be submitted for architectural review and cost estimation. Mortgage proceeds are advanced periodically during the rehabilitation period to finance the construction costs.

Are there government programs for rehab?
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 203 (K) rehabilitation loan program is designed to facilitate major structural rehabilitation of houses with one to four units that are more than one year old. Condominiums are not eligible.

The 203(K) loan is usually done as a combination loan to purchase a fixer-upper property "as is" and rehabilitate it, or to refinance a temporary loan to buy the property and do the rehabilitation. It can also be done as a rehabilitation-only loan.

Plans and specifications for the proposed work must be submitted for architectural review and cost estimation. Mortgage proceeds are advanced periodically during the rehabilitation period to finance the construction costs.

For a list of participating lenders, call HUD at (202) 708-2720.

If you are a veteran, loans from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs also can be used to buy a home, build a home, improve a home or to refinance an existing loan. VA loans frequently offer lower interest rates than ordinarily available with other kinds of loans. To qualify for a loan, the first step is to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility.

Another program is the Federal Housing Administration's Title 1 FHA loan program.

Resources:
* "Rehab a Home With HUD's 203(K)" brochure, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 7th and D streets S.W., Washington, DC 20410.

 

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